What is a permanent structural change in a chromosome caused by radiation or chemicals called?

A permanent structural change in a chromosome caused by radiation or chemicals is referred to as a chromosome mutation. This type of mutation can involve various alterations to the structure of chromosomes, such as deletions, duplications, inversions, or translocations of sections of DNA. These mutations can significantly impact an organism’s genetic makeup and can lead to various health issues or developmental changes.

Gene mutations specifically refer to changes in the nucleotide sequence of a gene, rather than structural changes in the chromosomes themselves. Fossilization is a completely different process related to the preservation of remains from organisms, while translocation involves a specific type of chromosome mutation where a segment of a chromosome is moved to a new position, potentially on a non-homologous chromosome. Thus, chromosome mutation encompasses the broader concept of structural changes to chromosomes as a result of external factors like radiation or chemicals.