NCEA Level 2 Biology Genetics Practice Exam

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• Which scientific field primarily studies SNPs and their implications?
• What is a Punnett square used for?
• What are organs called that serve no useful function in an organism?
• What type of protein molecule is associated with the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells?
• What genetic technique is used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype?
• Which of the following contributes to genetic variation within populations?
• What is a genetic marker?
• What is a heterozygous genotype?
• If a plant has a genotype of Tt, what can be said about its phenotype?
• How does gene therapy aim to treat genetic disorders?
• What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA?
• What is a locus in genetic terms?
• What is an example of a trait controlled by multiple alleles?
• Which statement best describes the concept of genetic discrimination?
• Define the term 'allele'.
• What is the basic principle behind gene therapy?
• What is the significance of genes and selection pressures in evolution?
• Which of the following best defines the term genotype?
• Which of the following is an agent that can induce mutations in DNA?
• What does the term heterozygous describe?
• What occurs during the process of crossing over?
• What is semi-conservative replication?
• Which process involves the manipulation of DNA in molecular biology?
• What is the structure that carries genetic information in living organisms?
• What is the observable characteristic of an organism called?
• Which of the following describes a fertilized egg as it relates to new tissue development?
• What is one outcome of natural selection?
• What is the chromosomal makeup of a male organism?
• How can environmental influences affect an organism's phenotype?
• What kind of change does a mutagen induce in the DNA?
• What mechanism leads to a decrease in genetic diversity after a natural disaster?
• What field of science focuses on DNA and protein synthesis?
• Which of the following is a purpose of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)?
• What does the process of natural selection favor?
• Which base pairs with Guanine in DNA?
• What type of mutation involves the addition of an extra base to DNA?
• What is gene mutation?
• What does mate selection refer to in biological terms?
• Which statement best describes how genotype and phenotype are related?
• What is cladistics in the context of genetics?
• What is the outcome of incomplete dominance in a phenotype?
• Which mutation is characterized by the replacement of one nucleotide with another?
• What term describes a cell or organism having two sets of homologous chromosomes?
• What is a fossil?
• What are the chromosomes called that determine the sex of an individual?
• What is a limb called that has five digits?
• In genetics, what does the term 'haploid' refer to?
• Which of the following bases is found only in RNA?
• Which type of barrier involves the inability of male and female gametes of different species to fuse?
• What would happen if a pentadactyl limb evolved to have an additional digit?
• What is the role of a gene?
• What situation occurs when allele frequencies remain constant over time?
• Which of the following defines a population in biological terms?
• What does stabilising selection ultimately affect in a population?
• Which type of mutation could lead to a premature stop codon in protein synthesis?
• What does independent assortment refer to in genetics?
• What defines a transgenic organism?
• What is a characteristic of a gene?
• What does speciation refer to in biology?
• In what way can a translocation affect chromosomes?
• When a chromosome is duplicated, what happens to that segment of DNA?
• What characterizes a sex-linked trait?
• In what phase of meiosis does crossing over primarily occur?
• In the study of heredity, why are phenotypic ratios important?
• What component of DNA bonds to a phosphate group?
• What happens during a chromosome mutation?
• Which of the following represents a dominant genotype?
• What does biogeography study?
• Which of the following is an example of an environmental factor that can influence phenotype?
• Which of the following best describes autosomes?
• What does the term 'genotype' refer to?
• What defines a species in biological classification?
• What is the chromosomal makeup of a female organism?
• What is stabilising selection?
• What is the bottleneck effect in a biological context?
• What is a nucleotide?
• What does it mean for chromosomes to have alleles that do not necessarily cause the same expression of a trait?
• What is a genetic cross involving one trait called?
• What is the effect of a mutation on DNA?
• What is the term for the movement of individuals into an area?
• What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?
• In terms of genetic crosses, what is a key aspect of observing phenotypic ratios?
• Which technique is commonly used to amplify DNA sequences?
• What is the key function of thymine in DNA?
• What is the term for a chromosome change resulting from a fragment attaching to a nonhomologous chromosome?
• What is the main outcome of independent assortment during meiosis?
• What does comparative embryology reveal about different groups of organisms?
• How is a duplication defined in the context of chromosomes?
• What is the process called when organisms are bred for specific traits to produce offspring with identical traits?
• Which field of study focuses on comparing the structures of different organisms?
• In which type of mutation does a segment of DNA get deleted?
• Which of the following defines a chromatid?
• What type of cell division produces reproductive cells or gametes?
• What term describes the phenomenon when genetic diversity is reduced due to a significant drop in population size?
• What is the primary purpose of adaptation in evolutionary terms?
• What does a homologous pair of chromosomes indicate?
• What type of natural selection causes the frequency of a particular allele to move in one direction?
• Name the enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication.
• What do alleles represent in genetics?
• What type of bond holds the DNA bases together?
• What best describes a change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information?
• In which cellular organelle does protein synthesis primarily occur?
• How is a phenotype defined in the context of genetics?
• Which of the following is an example of a sex-linked trait found in humans?
• Which mechanism maintains genetic variation in a population through mixed gene pools?
• What is the result of having a high allele frequency for a particular trait?
• In genetics, what does the concept of 'variation' refer to?
• Why is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) significant in genetics?
• Which of the following is an example of heritable variation?
• What is the result of a chromosome undergoing inversion?
• What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle predict?
• What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous parents?
• What is the effect of a mutation on a genome?
• What characterizes a polygenic trait?
• What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross of two heterozygous parents?
• What term refers to an organism with two identical alleles for a particular trait?
• Which of the following mutations may affect gene expression?
• Define genetic drift.
• How often a particular gene occurs in a population refers to what term?
• During which stage of cell division are sister chromatids separated?
• How is evolution defined in a biological context?
• What is one key feature of a dominant allele?
• Which genotype represents a homozygous organism?
• What is the shape of a double helix structure?
• In genetic terms, what is an allele?
• What term describes the physical characteristics of an organism based on its genotype?
• What is the term for the benefit that occurs when different species interact in a way that promotes genetic diversity?
• What does selection pressure refer to?
• What are recombinant DNA molecules?
• What structure does DNA form?
• What outcome indicates that an unknown parent is heterozygous in a test cross?
• What is the function of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
• Which type of cell is referred to as somatic?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of meiosis?
• What term describes a cell that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes?
• Which of the following processes occurs during meiosis that increases genetic variation?
• What is recombination in genetics?
• What does the study of cladistics emphasize when classifying organisms?
• What term describes an organism that has variation due to chromosomal alterations?
• What role does the centromere play in cell division?
• What is one ethical issue related to genetic engineering?
• What does epigenetics study?
• What is the molecular structure of DNA primarily composed of?
• What role do histones play in genetics?
• Which allele is often masked by a dominant allele?
• What is the role of the DNA polymerase enzyme?
• What is the process called by which DNA makes a copy of itself?
• What does allele frequency refer to in genetics?
• What is a karyotype?
• Which law of inheritance states that different traits are inherited independently?
• What is a chiasma in the context of meiosis?
• What kind of inheritance pattern involves multiple genes affecting a single trait?
• Define a homozygous genotype.
• How many chromosomes do humans typically have?
• What is the term for the movement of alleles into or out of a population?
• What does the term phenotype ratio refer to in genetics?
• What is the main feature of vestigial organs?
• What occurs in the process of genetic mapping?
• Define codominance in genetics.
• What do phenotypes specifically represent in genetics?
• What characterizes a dihybrid organism?
• Which process refers to the unique combination of traits passed down from one generation to another?
• Which base pairs with Adenine in DNA?
• What are the basic units of heredity found within DNA?
• What does genotype refer to?
• Which of the following best explains why certain traits become more common in a population over generations?
• What does a test cross help determine?
• Name one type of mutation that affects a single nucleotide.
• What is a permanent structural change in a chromosome caused by radiation or chemicals called?
• What is the difference between a dominant and a recessive allele?
• What are the two strands of DNA held together by?
• Which evolutionary process involves the adaptation of organisms to their environment over time?
• What is a deletion in terms of chromosome change?
• Which process results in genetically diverse daughter cells?
• What phenomenon occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population?
• What does the term ‘carrier’ refer to in genetics?
• What factor can lead to genetic variation among a population?
• What is the definition of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?
• During which cell division process do daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell?
• What is the significance of the base pairing rules in DNA?
• What is the role of somatic cells in an organism?
• Which term best describes the change of an organism over time?
• How does recombination contribute to genetic variation?
• What is the function of chromosomes in living organisms?
• What term encompasses all genes, including all different alleles, present in a population?
• What does the term genome refer to?
• What is the function of Adenine in DNA and RNA?
• What is indicated by similarities in embryos of different organisms?
• What is the result of a genetic cross that produces a 3:1 phenotype ratio?
• What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?
• What is referred to as the gradual changes in gene frequencies in a population due to random events?
• What does DNA stand for?
• What genetic cross demonstrates the inheritance of a single trait?
• Which type of RNA helps to form the ribosome?